Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders affecting children.
Symptoms of ADHD include:
- Inattention (not being able to keep focus).
- Hyperactivity (excess movement that is not fitting to the setting).
- Impulsivity (hasty acts that occur at the moment without thought).
Many children may struggle sitting still, waiting their turn, paying attention, fidgeting, and acting impulsively. However, children who meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD differ in that their symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, organization, and inattention are noticeably more significant than expected for their age or developmental level. These symptoms cause significant suffering and problems at home, at school or work, and in relationships. The observed symptoms are not the result of an individual being defiant or unable to understand tasks or instructions.
Scientists are studying causes and risk factors to find better ways to manage and reduce the chances of a person having ADHD. The causes and risk factors for ADHD are unknown, but current research shows that genetics plays an important role. Recent studies link genetic factors with ADHD. In addition to genetics, scientists are studying other possible causes and risk factors, including Brain injury, exposure to environmental risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age, and alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy.
ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about the result), or be overly active. Deciding if a child has ADHD is a process with several steps. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD; many other problems, like anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and specific learning disabilities, can have similar symptoms.
One step of the process involves having a medical exam, including hearing and vision tests, to rule out other problems with symptoms like ADHD. Diagnosing ADHD usually includes a checklist for rating ADHD symptoms and taking a history of the child from parents, teachers, and sometimes, the child.
For most children, stimulant medications are a safe and effective way to relieve ADHD symptoms. As glasses help people focus their eyes to see, these medications help children with ADHD focus their thoughts better and ignore distractions. This makes them more able to pay attention and control their behavior.
In most cases, ADHD is best treated with behavior therapy and medication. For preschool-aged children (4-5 years of age) with ADHD, behavior therapy, particularly training for parents, is recommended as the first line of treatment before medication is tried. What works best can depend on the child and family. Good treatment plans will include close monitoring, follow-ups, and making changes, if needed, along the way.